Penyakit Marek atau Marek’s Disease adalah jenis penyakit
kanker unggas, salah satu penyakit limfoproliferatif yang paling umum pada unggas
yang menyebabkan infiltrasi mononuklear dari satu atau lebih sel berikut: saraf
perifer, kelenjar kelamin (gonad), iris (mata), otot, jeroan /isi perut
(viscera), dan kulit. Beberapa nama lain Marek’k Disease adalah "range
paralysis ", "neural lymphoma" and "skin leukosis".
Penyakit Marek atau Marek’s Disease (MD) sebagai
penyakit limfomatous dan neuropatik biasanya terjadi pada ayam ternakan atau peliharaan dan tidak
biasa pada kalkun dan burung puyuh.
Penyakit ini dinamai Marek ahli patologi Hungaria Jozsef Marek, yang pada tahun 1907 pertama kali mengumumkan pengamatannya mengenai penyakit lumpuh yang menyerang empat ayam. Marek ‘s Disease telah menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang banyak bagi industri unggas di seluruh dunia selama bertahun-tahun.
Penyakit ini dinamai Marek ahli patologi Hungaria Jozsef Marek, yang pada tahun 1907 pertama kali mengumumkan pengamatannya mengenai penyakit lumpuh yang menyerang empat ayam. Marek ‘s Disease telah menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang banyak bagi industri unggas di seluruh dunia selama bertahun-tahun.
Pada awal 1920-an wabah dengan tingkat kematian
tinggi dan tingginya angka kejadian tumor visceral sudah terjadi di Amerika
Serikat. Bila banyak kondisi lingkungan yang disukai (oleh virus MD) maka akan
menimbulkan penyebaran yang cepat dan
penyakit ini bisa segera ditemukan di seluruh dunia. (Fehler. F, 2001). Menurut
de Boer dan Djaenudin kejadian penyakit Marek’s Disease di Indonesia adalah
pada tahun 1949.
Marek's Disease merupakan infeksi virus Herpes pada
ayam, jarang pada kalkun yang dekat atau erat berhubungan dengan ayam, terlihat
di seluruh dunia. Dari tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an strain yang sangat virulen
telah menjadi problem di Amerika Utara dan Eropa.
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Kejadian Penyakit
Kejadian Marek’s Disease di dunia adalah di:
Azerbaijan 1994, Belize Januari 2011, Bulgaria 1998, Kroasia Juni 2005, Estonia
2004, Georgia 1991, Islandia 1998, Kenya Maret 2010, Latvia 2005, Oktober 2006,
Libya 2009, Liechtenstein 2003, Malta 2007, Moldova Mei 2001, Norwegia 2004,
Polandia Desember 2010, Portugal 2009, Serbia Desember 2010, Seychelles (hewan
terdomestikasi Maret 2011, hewan liar 12 Desember 2009), Singapore 1999,
Slovenia Maret 2007, Swedia 2009, Thailand November 2009, Tunisia November
2008, Ukraina Desember 2000, Venezuela 2002, Zambia (hewan terdomestikasi Juni
2011 , hewan liar Desember 2010).
Negara dengan Kejadian Marek’s Disease (menunjukkan
gejala klinis) pada tahun 2011: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh,
Brasil, Kanada, Chili, Cina Taipei, Kolombia, Kosta Rika, Kuba, Republik
Dominika, Finlandia, Polinesia Prancis, Jerman, Hong Kong (SAR - RRC),
Irlandia, Israel, Jepang, Korea (Rep), Lebanon, Madagaskar, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Namibia, Nepal, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Pakistan, Reunion (Prancis), Sao Tome
dan Principe, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Inggris, Amerika Serikat, Uruguay, Zimbabwe.
Kejadian Marek’s Disease terbatas pada zona
tertentu /wilayah negara: Hongaria Juli - Desember 2011, Palestina Auton
Territories Juli-Desember 2011, Spanyol bulan Juli - Desember 2011. ( oie )
Hospes /Inang
Marek’s Disease (MD) utamanya menyerang ayam
komersial, namun demikian dapat juga menyerang unggas liar ataupun kalkun. Sering
terjadi MD menyerang ayam umur 2-5 bulan (belum matang secara seksual), tetapi dapat
juga menyerang ayam pada saat produksi telurnya naik.
Penularan
Virus Marek dapat ditularkan melalui udara dalam kandang
ayam. Virus ini berada dalam bulu bulu, debu kandang ayam, kotoran /feces dan
air liur. Unggas unggas yang terinfeksi membawa virus dalam darah mereka dan
merupakan sumber infeksi bagi burung burung yang rentan.
Virus Marek dapat ditularkan secara kontak langsung
dan tidak langsung antara burung. Penularan terutama melalui rute udara sebagaimana
virus dilepaskan pada sel sel epitel folikel bulu, bulu, debu kandang ayam,
kotoran /feces dan air liur. Virus ini memiliki daya tahan hidup yang lama
dalam bulu sebagaimana virus telah diisolasi dari kandang yang telah dilakukan
depopulasi sejak berbulan-bulan. Penularan melalui telur tidak signifikan.
Sumber Penyakit
Sumber penyakit Marek’s Disease adalah: Unggas yang
terinfeksi, bulu, debu kandang ayam, feses, air liur.
ETIOLOGI
Klasifikasi Agen Penyebab Penyakit
Group: Group I (dsDNA), Ordo: Herpesvirales,
Famili: Herpesviridae, Subfamili: Alphaherpesvirinae, Genus: Mardivirus,
Spesies: Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2).
Ketahanan Terhadap Tantangan Fisik Dan Kimia
1. Suhu: MDV (Marek’s Disease Virus) cepat tidak
aktif ketika dibekukan dan dicairkan (Paul MC, 2004). Bulu bulu rontok dari
ayam yang terinfeksi MDV dan disimpan dalam keadaan kering ditemukan memiliki
tingkat penularan MDV yang signifikan. Setelah penyimpanan selama 3 minggu pada
37,5 °C, selama 8 (tapi tidak 13) bulan pada suhu kamar (22-25 °C) dan minimal
3 tahun pada suhu 4 °C. Dengan kelembaban relatif disesuaikan sampai 80 %,
virus yang menular tidak dapat pulih setelah 1 sampai 2 minggu pada 37,5 °C.
2. pH: Virus Marek sensitif pada suasana asam dan
basa, virus mati pada pH <6 dan> 8.
3. Desinfektan: Resisten /tahan terhadap beberapa
disinfektan (amonium kuaterner dan fenol) (Paul MC, 2004). Beberapa larutan
kimia disinfektan (klorin, senyawa amonium kuartener, yodium organik, asam
cresylic, fenol sintetis, dan natrium hidroksida), mampu menghancurkan
infektivitas bulu kering dalam jangka waktu pemberian 10 menit. Fumigasi gas
Formaldehyde menghancurkan sebagian besar tapi tidak semua dari infektivitas,
sementara air suling, deterjen (Tween-80 /merek), dan asam asetat glasial tidak
berpengaruh signifikan terhadap infektivitas bulu.
4. Ketahanan hidup: Virus bertahan untuk waktu yang
lama (65 minggu) pada suhu lingkungan.
DIAGNOSA
Diagnosa berdasarkan pada sejarah, gejala klinis,
distribusi lesi, usia hewan terinfeksi, ataupun dengan diagnosa laboratorium.
Penyakit ini memiliki berbagai manifestasi: a)
Neurologis - Infiltrasi akut dari SSP (Sistim Syaraf Pusat) dan saraf yang
mengakibatkan 'floppy broiler syndrome' dan kelumpuhan sementara, sebagaimana kelumpuhan
kaki atau sayap dan lesi mata, b) Visceral - Tumor di hati, ovarium, otot, paru-paru,
c) Cutaneous - Tumor folikel bulu.
Morbiditas adalah 10-50% dan Mortalitasnya hingga
100%. Kematian dalam sebuah kawanan yang terkena biasanya berlanjut pada
tingkat sedang atau tinggi selama beberapa minggu. Infeksi Marek “yang
terlambat” biasanya dapat menimbulkan kematian sampai unggas berumur 40 minggu.
Unggas yang terkena lebih rentan terhadap penyakit lain, baik parasit dan
bakteri.
Gejala
Gejala klinis: penyakit Marek adalah jenis kanker unggas.
Tumor pada saraf menyebabkan ketimpangan dan kelumpuhan. Tumor dapat terjadi pada
mata dan menyebabkan pupil mata berbentuk tidak teratur dan kebutaan. Tumor
hati, ginjal, limpa, gonad, pankreas, proventrikulus, paru-paru, otot, dan
kulit dapat menyebabkan inkoordinasi, lemah, pucat, nafas lemah ataupun sesak,
dan folikel bulu membesar. Pada tahap terminal, unggas kurus pucat, pial
bersisik dan diare kehijauan. Penyakit Marek sangat mirip dengan Penyakit Limfoid
Leukosis, tapi Marek biasanya terjadi pada ayam umur 12 sampai 25 minggu dan
limfoid leukosis biasanya mulai terjadi pada unggas umur 16 minggu.
Gejala yang menonjol: 1. Kelumpuhan kaki, sayap dan
leher; 2. Kehilangan berat badan; 3. Iris mata abu abu, pupil mata berbentuk tidak
teratur; 4. Penglihatan berkurang; 5. Kulit di sekitar folikel bulu menonjol dan
kasar.
Lesi
1. Penebalan urat saraf. Sering terlihat
pembengkakan saraf perifer, khususnya saraf kaki dan sayap.
2. Foci (bintik) putih abu abu dari jaringan
neoplastik dalam hati, limpa, ginjal, paru-paru, gonad, jantung, dan urat
daging. Organ visceral mungkin berisi tumor mulai dari ukuran mikroskopis
sampai ukuran cukup besar.
3. Mikroskopis - infiltrasi limfoid adalah
polimorfik. Lesi tumor tersebut dapat dibingungkan dengan penyakit limfoid
leukosis tanpa diagnosis laboratorium yang berkualitas.
(Paul McMullin 2004). (Anonimous, Miller
Hatcheries. 2013).
Diagnosa Banding
- Avian Encephalomyelitis
- Erythroblastosis
- Genetic Grey Eye
- Histomoniasis
- Lymphoid leukosis
- Myeloblastosis
- Myelocytomatosis
- Newcastle Disease
- Ovarian Carcinoma
- Reticuloendotheliosis
- Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Deficiency
- Tuberculosis
Diagnosa Laboratorium
Sampel:
1. Bangkai; 2. Jaringan /organ segar dari ayam yang
terinfeksi; 3. Darah; 4. Bulu; 5. Tumor.
Identifikasi Agen Penyakit:
a. Isolatsi virus:
Infeksi Virus Marek’s Diseases pada sekelompok
ternak dapat dideteksi dengan mengisolasi virus dari jaringan ayam yang
terinfeksi. Namun, sifat dasar mana-mana dari MDV yang harus dalam pertimbangan
dan diagnosis MD harus didasarkan pada kombinasi dari isolasi MDV atau deteksi
genom oleh polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dan penyakit klinis. Sumber yang umum
digunakan adalah sel buffy coat dari sampel darah dengan heparin, atau suspensi
sel limfoma atau sel limpa. Saat sampel ini dikumpulkan di lapangan, disarankan
agar diangkut ke laboratorium dalam kondisi dingin. Sebagaimana MDV sangat terkait
dengan sel, adalah penting bahwa suspensi sel ini mengandung sel-sel yang viabel.
Suspensi sel diinokulasi ke dalam kultur monolayer sel ginjal ayam atau
fibroblas embrio bebek (chicken embryo fibroblasts = CEF, kurang sensitif untuk
isolasi virus primer). Virus serotipe 2 dan 3 lebih mudah diisolasi di CEF
daripada di sel ginjal ayam. Biasanya 0,2 ml suspensi mengandung 106-107 sel
hidup diinokulasi ke duplikat monolayers tumbuh di piring kultur sel plastik
(diameter 60 mm). Kultur yang diinokulasi dan kultur tanpa inokulasi diinkubasi
pada 38,5 °C dalam inkubator lembab yang mengandung 5 % CO2. Sebagai alternatif,
kultur vessel tertutup dapat digunakan. Media kultur diganti dalam interval 2
hari. Area efek sitopatik, disebut plak, muncul dalam waktu 3-5 hari dan bisa
dihitung sekitar 7-10 hari.
Satu lagi, yang tidak biasa digunakan sumber dari
MDV untuk tujuan diagnostik adalah tip bulu, yang mana cell-free MDV dapat
diekstraksi. Tip sekitar 5 mm, atau saluran cincang kulit berisi tip bulu, yang
disuspensikan dalam SPGA /EDTA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate and albumin /ethylenediamine
tetra-acetic acid) buffer untuk ekstraksi dan titrasi cell-free MDV (Calnek et
al., 1970). Buffer dibuat sebagai berikut: 0,2180 M sukrosa (7,462 g); 0,0038 M
monopotassium fosfat (0,052 g); 0,0072 M dipotassium fosfat (0,125 g); 0,0049 M
L-monosodium glutamat (0,083 g); 1,0% bubuk bovine albumin (1.000 g); 0,2% EDTA
(0,200 g), dan air suling (100 ml). Buffer disterilkan dengan filtrasi dan
harus di sekitar pH 6,5.
Suspensi ini disonikasi dan kemudian disaring
melalui 0,45 μm filter membran untuk inokulasi selama diatas 24 jam drained
monolayers sell ginjal ayam. Setelah absorbsi selama 40 menit, medium
ditambahkan, dan kultur diinkubasi seperti di atas selama 7-10 hari.
Menggunakan metode ini, MDV serotipe 1 dan 2 dapat
diisolasi, bersama-sama dengan HVT (serotipe 3), bila merepresentasikan hasil vaksinasi.
Dengan pengalaman, plak yang disebabkan oleh serotipe virus yang berbeda dapat
dibedakan cukup akurat atas dasar saat penampilan, laju perkembangan, dan
morfologi plak. Plak HVT muncul lebih awal dan lebih besar dari serotipe 1
plak, sedangkan serotipe 2 plak muncul kemudian dan lebih kecil dari serotipe 1
plak.
Plak MDV dan HVT dapat diidentifikasi sebagaimana
tersebut dengan menggunakan antibodi spesifik yang dikumpulkan dalam ayam.
Antibodi monoklonal dapat digunakan untuk membedakan serotipe.
b. Deteksi Antigen:
Sebuah variasi dari uji AGID digunakan untuk
serologi (di bawah) dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi antigen MDV dalam tip bulu
sebagai indikasi infeksi oleh MDV. Slide kaca disiapkan dengan coating dari
0,7% agarosa (misalnya A37) dalam 8% sodium chloride, yang mengandung antiserum
MDV. Tip bulu kecil yang diambil dari burung-burung yang akan diperiksa dan
dimasukkan secara vertikal ke dalam agar-agar, dan slide dipertahankan seperti
yang dijelaskan di bawah. Pengembangan zona radial presipitasi sekitar tips
bulu menunjukkan keberadaan antigen MDV di bulu dan adanya infeksi pada burung.
c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
Genom dari ketiga serotipe telah benar-benar disequensing. Uji PCR telah dikembangkan untuk
diagnosis MD. Real-time PCR kuantitatif /Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)
untuk mengukur salinan genom MDV juga telah digambarkan. Selain itu, tes PCR memungkinkan
diferensiasi strain onkogenik dan non-onkogenik serotipe 1 MDV, dan strain
vaksin MDV serotipe 2 dan 3 telah digambarkan. PCR
juga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah /kuantitas bawaan virus dalam
jaringan atau mendeteksi deferensiasi MDV dan HVT dalam darah
atau tip bulu. (oie).
Tes /Uji Serologi:
Keberadaan antibodi terhadap MDV pada ayam yang
tidak divaksinasi dari sekitar umur 4 minggu merupakan indikasi infeksi.
Sebelum umur itu, antibodi tersebut dapat mengindikasikan penularan maternal
antibodi melalui kuning telur dan bukti bukan infeksi aktif.
a. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID):
Tidak ada tes dipersyaratkan untuk perdagangan,
tetapi uji agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) paling umum digunakan untuk
mendeteksi antibodi. Tes ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan slide kaca dicoating
dengan 1 % agar dalam buffer fosfat salin yang mengandung 8 % natrium klorida.
Sumur yang berdekatan diisi dengan antigen atau serum dan ini diinkubasi dalam
suasana lembab pada suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam agar difusi berlangsung; reaksi sera
positip ditunjukkan dari identitas dengan diketahui serum positif dan antigen.
Antigen yang digunakan dalam tes ini adalah tiap terpisahnya sel kultur jaringan MDV terinfeksi atau ekstrak
tip bulu, atau kulit yang mengandung saluran bulu yang diperoleh dari ayam
terinfeksi MDV. Kultur sel antigen disiapkan dengan mempropagasi MDV dalam sel
ginjal ayam atau sel fibroblast embrio ayam. Bila efek sitopatik bertemu,
sel-sel yang terlepas dari kultur vesel dan tersuspensi dalam media kultur atau
phosphate buffered saline tanpa tryptose phosphate broth (kehadiran tryptose
phosphate broth dapat menghasilkan garis precipitin non - spesifik pada
konsentrasi sekitar 1 × 107 sel /ml. Suspensi ini kemudian membekukan -
dicairkan tiga kali dan digunakan sebagai antigen.
Prosedur uji:
i) Buat larutan
Difco Bactoagar 1% dalam 8% natrium klorida (sodium chloride) dengan membuat
campuran dalam water bath panas.
ii) Sebuah slide mikroskop atau cawan Petri dapat digunakan dan agar dituangkan ke ketebalan 2-3 mm.
ii) Sebuah slide mikroskop atau cawan Petri dapat digunakan dan agar dituangkan ke ketebalan 2-3 mm.
iii) Potong lubang dalam agar menggunakan template
dengan pusat sumur dan 6 sumur buat jarak pada jarak yang sama di sekitar pusat
sumur. Diameter sumur harus sekitar 5,3 mm, dan sumur harus sekitar 2,4 mm
terpisah. Sebuah template dengan pemotong tersedia secara komersial.
iv) Antigen ditempatkan tepat di tengah dan
antiserum standar ditempatkan dalam sumur eksterior alternatif. Sampel serum
yang akan diuji ditempatkan di sisa tiga sumur sehingga. Identitas garis
kontinu terbentuk antara sampel yang tidak diketahui yang positif dan diketahui
positif serum kontrol.
v) Inkubasikan slide selama 24 jam pada suhu 37 °C
dalam wadah lembab dan baca hasil diatas lampu di ruang yang gelap.
b. Uji lain:
Tes-tes lain untuk antibodi MDV meliputi tes
antibodi fluorescent langsung dan tidak langsung. Ini menunjukkan kemampuan
dari uji serum tes untuk mewarnai plak MDV dalam kultur sel (Silva et al,
1997;. Spencer & Calnek, 1970). Uji ini adalah kelompok spesifik dan lebih
sensitif dibandingkan dengan pengujian AGID. Sebuah Uji netralisasi virus berkaitan
dengan kemampuan serum untuk menetralkan properti pembentuk plak dari sel bebas
MDV juga dapat digunakan. Namun, uji ini lebih cocok untuk tujuan penelitian dari
pada untuk penggunaan diagnosa rutin. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
untuk mendeteksi antibodi MDV telah ada (Cheng et al, 1984;. Sharma, 1998;
Zelnik et al, 2004.). Untuk mempersiapkan antigen untuk ELISA, sumur sumur piring
microtitre dari 96 sumur dicoating dengan sel terinfeksi MDV. (oie).
PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN
Pencegahan Dengan Sanitasi
Seleksi genetik: Dapatkan ayam yang tahan MD. Langkah pertama untuk mengelola penyakit ini adalah mengidentifikasi
apakah virus yang terlihat dalam kawanan unggas kita dari beberapa kawanan yang
tahan terhadap penyakit ini. Sebagaimana diketahui cara terbaik untuk mencegah
penyakit Marek adalah dengan mengembangkan unggas yang secara alami resisten
terhadap virus. Memperoleh kawanan unggas dan penggunaan pejantan yang tahan
terhadap MD, karena ada tingkat kekuatan heritabilitas ketahanan genetik
terhadap MD. Sebagai alternatif, mengikuti suatu wabah menggunakan jantan selamat
yang kuat sebagaimana burung-burung ini telah menunjukkan resistensi terhadap
MD. Mengembangkan kawanan unggas yang secara genetik resisten terhadap Penyakit
Mareks adalah cara terbaik untuk menyembuhkan penyakit, tapi ingat
langkah-langkah manajemen stres juga suatu keharusan!
Faktor stres terutama stres sosial dikenal mempercepat
timbulnya Penyakit Mareks. Stres sosial adalah bentuk kecemasan yang dihasilkan
oleh kepadatan populasi dalam kandang, sanitasi yang buruk, perkandangan yang
tidak tepat, penyakit lain seperti cacing, koksidiosis, kutu dan tungau, atau
pencampuran burung yang lebih tua dengan burung muda, yang mencegah burung muda
dari istirahat makan atau minum pada dasarnya mencegah mereka untuk menjadi leluasa
/senang. Manajemen stres adalah cara terbaik untuk mengontrol Mareks Disease
pada ternak yang sebelumnya telah mengalami penyakit Mareks dari waktu ke waktu.
FAPP (filtered air positive pressure) ventilasi: Gunakan filter biologis untuk mencegah virus di udara.
Vaksinasi saja tidak akan mencegah penyakit Marek.
Khusus untuk ternak komersial, penting untuk memiliki biosecurity yang baik
untuk memastikan bahwa anak ayam yang divaksin akan mengembangkan kekebalan
sebelum mereka mengalami tantangan berat dari virus. Misalnya, anak ayam harus
dipelihara secara terpisah sehingga mereka bebas dari bulu yang terinfeksi dan
debu burung yang lebih tua. Langkah-langkah kebersihan standar juga penting,
termasuk kebersihan dan desinfeksi gudang dan peralatan dengan disinfektan yang
efektif terhadap virus. Nutrisi yang baik dan pemeliharaan kebebasan dari
penyakit lain dan parasit juga sangat penting. Praktek ini akan membantu
menjaga kesehatan kawanan dan untuk memastikan bahwa burung memiliki ketahanan
yang optimal terhadap infeksi Marek’s Disease.
Pengembangbiakan genetik dari ayam strain resisten,
dikombinasikan dengan penggunaan vaksinasi dan kebersihan yang baik, juga dapat
digunakan untuk membantu mengendalikan penyakit Marek.
Untuk Peternakan dengan masalah penyakit Marek yang
serius, satu-satunya solusi adalah dengan depopulasi, bersihkan dan disinfeksi
semua gudang dan peralatan, dan kosongkan kandang selama beberapa bulan. Kemudian
ayam yang sudah divaksinasi dari penetasan yang terpercaya dapat dipakai
sebagai pengganti.
Pengobatan Dan Pencegahan Secara Medis
Tidak ada pengobatan untuk penyakit Marek. Unggas
yang sakit harus segera dimusnahkan dari kawanan dan musnahkan secara manusiawi. Unggas
lain dalam kawanan yang mungkin terinfeksi pada tahap ini juga dimusnahkan,
pengawasan yang ketat dari semua unggas adalah penting.
Vaksinasi adalah strategi utama untuk pencegahan dan
pengendalian penyakit Marek. Kemanjuran vaksin dapat ditingkatkan, dengan
sanitasi yang ketat untuk mengurangi atau menunda paparan dan oleh pemuliaan hewan
untuk genetik yang resisten. Mungkin vaksin yang paling banyak digunakan terdiri
dari virus herpes kalkun /turkey herpesvirus (HVT), yang telah terlihat dengan peningkatan
pesat penggunaanya dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sebagai tulang punggung dalam
vaksin rekombinan yang menampilkan penyisipan gen dari virus unggas lainnya, seperti
virus Newcastle Disease, infeksi virus Bursal Disease, atau infeksi virus ILT
(Infectious Laryngotracheitis ). Vaksin rekombinan menawarkan perlindungan
terhadap kedua virus Marek’s Disease dan virus yang dimasukkan. Vaksin bivalen
terdiri dari HVT dan strain SB - 1 atau
301B /1 dari Gallid herpesvirus 3 telah digunakan untuk memberikan perlindungan
tambahan terhadap tantangan dengan isolat virus Marek’s disease yang virulent. Tampaknya vaksin komersial yang
paling protektif yang tersedia saat ini CVI988/Rispens, virus Marek’s disease
yang dilemahkan yang juga biasa dicampur dengan HVT pada saat vaksinasi. Karena
vaksin diberikan pada penetasan dan membutuhkan 1-2 minggu untuk menghasilkan
kekebalan yang efektif, paparan virus terhadap ayam harus diminimalkan selama
beberapa hari pertama setelah menetas.
Vaksin juga efektif jika diberikan pada embrio pada
hari ke-18 inkubasi. Dalam vaksinasi ovo sekarang dilakukan oleh teknologi
otomatis dan secara luas digunakan untuk vaksinasi ayam broiler komersial,
terutama karena biaya tenaga kerja berkurang dan presisi yang lebih besar dari
pemberian vaksin.
Penanganan vaksin selama thawing dan pemulihan
sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa dosis yang diberikan tepat. Cell-associated
vaccines umumnya lebih efektif daripada cell-free vaccines, karena mereka
kurang dinetralkan oleh maternal antibodi. Dalam kondisi yang khas, kemanjuran
atau efektifitas vaksin biasanya > 90 %. Sejak munculnya vaksinasi, kerugian dari penyakit
Marek telah berkurang secara dramatis pada peternakan broiler dan layer. Namun,
penyakit bisa menjadi masalah serius dalam kelompok tertentu atau wilayah
geografis tertentu. Dari sekian banyak penyebab yang dikemukakan terjadinya kerugian
yang berlebihan, paparan awal strain virus yang sangat virulen tampak menjadi
salah satu penyebab yang paling penting.
***Penulis: drh. Giyono Trisnadi - dari berbagai sumber
English Version
MAREK’S DISEASE
Marek's disease (MD) is one of the most common lymphoproliferative diseases of chickens which causes mononuclear infiltration of one or more of the following cells: peripheral nerves, gonad, iris, muscle, viscera, and skin. MD has been called by several names including "range paralysis", "neural lymphoma" and "skin leukosis".
Marek's disease (MD) is a common lymphomatous and
neuropathic disease of the domestic chicken and, less commonly, of turkey and
quail. It is named after the Hungarian pathologist Jozsef Marek, who in 1907
first published his observations of a paralytic disease affecting four cocks. Marek”s
disease have caused serious economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide
for many years.
In the early 1920’s outbreaks with high mortality
and high incidence of visceral tumors already occurred in USA. The
environmental conditions described above favoured a rapid spread and the
disease could soon be found all over the world. In Indonesia occurrence of Marek’s disease was in
1949, reported by de Boer and Djaenudin.
Marek's disease is a Herpes virus infection of
chickens, and rarely turkeys in close association with chickens, seen
worldwide. From the 1980s and 1990s highly virulent strains have become a
problem in North America and Europe.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Occurence
The last occurrence of Marek”s Diseases in the word: Azerbaijan 1994, Belize January 2011, Bulgaria 1998, Croatia June 2005, Estonia 2004, Georgia 1991, Iceland 1998, Kenya March 2010, Latvia 2005, October 2006, Libya 2009, Liechtenstein 2003, Malta 2007, Moldova May 2001, Norway 2004, Poland December 2010, Portugal 2009, Serbia December 2010, Seychelles (domestic March 2011, wild 12 December 2009), Singapore 1999, Slovenia March 2007, Sweden 2009, Thailand November 2009, Tunisia November 2008, Ukraine December 2000, Venezuela 2002, Zambia (domestic June 2011, wild December 2010).
Country with Occurence of Marek’s Disease (Demonstrated clinical disease) in year 2011: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Finland, French Polynesia, Germany, Hong Kong (SAR - PRC), Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea (Rep. of), Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Reunion (France), Sao Tome and Principe, Sri Lanka, Suriname, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Zimbabwe.
Disease restricted to certain zone(s) / region(s) of the country: Hungary July - December 2011, Palestinian Auton. Territories July – December 2011, Spain July - December 2011. (oie).
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Occurence
The last occurrence of Marek”s Diseases in the word: Azerbaijan 1994, Belize January 2011, Bulgaria 1998, Croatia June 2005, Estonia 2004, Georgia 1991, Iceland 1998, Kenya March 2010, Latvia 2005, October 2006, Libya 2009, Liechtenstein 2003, Malta 2007, Moldova May 2001, Norway 2004, Poland December 2010, Portugal 2009, Serbia December 2010, Seychelles (domestic March 2011, wild 12 December 2009), Singapore 1999, Slovenia March 2007, Sweden 2009, Thailand November 2009, Tunisia November 2008, Ukraine December 2000, Venezuela 2002, Zambia (domestic June 2011, wild December 2010).
Country with Occurence of Marek’s Disease (Demonstrated clinical disease) in year 2011: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Finland, French Polynesia, Germany, Hong Kong (SAR - PRC), Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea (Rep. of), Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Reunion (France), Sao Tome and Principe, Sri Lanka, Suriname, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Zimbabwe.
Disease restricted to certain zone(s) / region(s) of the country: Hungary July - December 2011, Palestinian Auton. Territories July – December 2011, Spain July - December 2011. (oie).
Hosts
Marek's disease is primarily a disease of commercial chickens, but it can also affect turkeys. MD often occurs in 2-5 month-old (sexually immature) chickens but can also occur after the onset of egg production.
Transmission
The Marek's virus is transmitted by air within the poultry house. It is in the feather dander, chicken house dust, feces and saliva. Infected birds carry the virus in their blood for life and are a source of infection for susceptible birds.
MDV can be transmitted by direct and indirect contact between birds. Transmission is primarily by airborne route as the virus is shed in epithelial cells of the feather follicle, dander, chicken house dust, feces and saliva. The virus has a long survival time in dander since viable virus has been isolated from houses that have been depopulated for many months. (Historically, prior to vaccine availability, control in broilers was based upon early brooding exposure to used broiler litter and dander, marketing survivors versus poorer results with the thoroughly cleaned and disinfected brooder houses). Transmission by egg has no significance (i.e., chicken hatched and reared in isolation will be free of MDV.
Sources of agent
Infected birds, feather, dander, chicken house dust, feces and saliva.
AETIOLOGY
Classification Of The Causative Agent
Group: Group I (dsDNA), Order: Herpesvirales, Family: Herpesviridae, Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae, Genus: Mardivirus, Species: Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2).
Resistance To Physical And Chemical Action
1.Temperature: MDV (Marek’s Disease Virus) is inactivated rapidly when frozen and thawed (Paul MC, 2004). Feathers plucked from MDV infected chickens and stored in the dry state were found to have significant levels of infectious MDV. after storage for at least 3 weeks at 37.5°C., for 8 (but not 13) months at room temperature 22–25°C.) and for at least 3 years at 4°C. With the relative humidity adjusted to 80%, infectious virus could not be recovered after 1 to 2 weeks at 37.5°C.
2. pH: Virus sensitive at acids and alkalis, dies
at pH < 6 and > 8.
3. Disinfectants: resistant to some disinfectants (quaternary ammonium and phenol) (Paul MC, 2004). Several chemical disinfectant solutions (chlorine, quaternary ammonium compound, organic iodine, cresylic acid, synthetic phenol, and sodium hydroxide), were able to destroy infectivity of dried feathers within a 10-minute treatment period. Formaldehyde gas fumigation destroyed most but not all of the infectivity, while distilled water, a detergent (Tween-80), and glacial acetic acid were without significant effect on the infectivity of the feathers.
4. Survival: The virus survives at ambient temperature for a long time (65 weeks) when cell associated.
DIAGNOSIS
3. Disinfectants: resistant to some disinfectants (quaternary ammonium and phenol) (Paul MC, 2004). Several chemical disinfectant solutions (chlorine, quaternary ammonium compound, organic iodine, cresylic acid, synthetic phenol, and sodium hydroxide), were able to destroy infectivity of dried feathers within a 10-minute treatment period. Formaldehyde gas fumigation destroyed most but not all of the infectivity, while distilled water, a detergent (Tween-80), and glacial acetic acid were without significant effect on the infectivity of the feathers.
4. Survival: The virus survives at ambient temperature for a long time (65 weeks) when cell associated.
DIAGNOSIS
History, clinical signs, distribution of lesions,
age affected, histopathology.
The disease has various manifestations: a) Neurological - Acute infiltration of the CNS and nerves resulting in 'floppy broiler syndrome' and transient paralysis, as well as more long-standing paralysis of legs or wings and eye lesions; b) Visceral - Tumours in heart, ovary, tests, muscles, lungs; c) Cutaneous - Tumours of feather follicles.
Morbidity is 10-50% and mortality up to 100%. Mortality in an affected flock typically continues at a moderate or high rate for quite a few weeks. In 'late' Marek's the mortality can extend to 40 weeks of age. Affected birds are more susceptible to other diseases, both parasitic and bacterial.
The disease has various manifestations: a) Neurological - Acute infiltration of the CNS and nerves resulting in 'floppy broiler syndrome' and transient paralysis, as well as more long-standing paralysis of legs or wings and eye lesions; b) Visceral - Tumours in heart, ovary, tests, muscles, lungs; c) Cutaneous - Tumours of feather follicles.
Morbidity is 10-50% and mortality up to 100%. Mortality in an affected flock typically continues at a moderate or high rate for quite a few weeks. In 'late' Marek's the mortality can extend to 40 weeks of age. Affected birds are more susceptible to other diseases, both parasitic and bacterial.
Signs
Clinical signs: Marek's disease is a type of avian cancer. Tumors in nerves cause lameness and paralysis. Tumors can occur in the eyes and cause irregularly shaped pupils and blindness. Tumors of the liver, kidney, spleen, gonads, pancreas, proventriculus, lungs, muscles, and skin can cause incoordination, unthriftiness, paleness, weak labored breathing, and enlarged feather follicles. In terminal stages, the birds are emaciated with pale, scaly combs and greenish diarrhea. Marek's disease is very similar to Lymphoid Leukosis, but Marek's usually occurs in chickens 12 to 25 weeks of age and Lymphoid Leukosis usually starts at 16 weeks of age.
The main sign: 1. Paralysis of legs, wings and neck; 2. Loss of weight; 3. Grey iris or irregular pupil; 4. Vision impairment; 5. Skin around feather follicles raised and roughened.
Lesions
1. Grey-white foci of neoplastic tissue in liver, spleen, kidney, lung, gonads, heart, and skeletal muscle. The visceral organs may contain tumors ranging from microscopic size to fairly large.
2. Thickening of nerve trunks and loss of striation. Swelling of the peripheral nerves, particularly of the nerves of the leg and wing, is often noticeable. 3. Microscopically - lymphoid infiltration is polymorphic. Such tumor lesions may be confused with those of lymphoid leukosis without a qualified laboratory diagnosis.
Differential Diagnosis
- Avian Encephalomyelitis
- Erythroblastosis
- Genetic Grey Eye
- Histomoniasis
- Lymphoid leukosis
- Myeloblastosis
- Myelocytomatosis
- Newcastle Disease
- Ovarian Carcinoma
- Reticuloendotheliosis
- Riboflavin (Vitamine B2) Deficiency
- Tuberculosis
Samples:
1. Cadaver; 2. Fresh tissue organ from infected
chicken; 3. Blood; 4. Feather pulp; 5. Tumors.
Identification Test Of The Agent:
a. Virus isolation:
Infection by MDV in a flock may be detected by isolating the virus from the tissues of infected chickens. However, the ubiquitous nature of MDV must be taken into consideration and the diagnosis of MD should be based on a combination of MDV isolation or detection of the genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clinical disease. Commonly used sources are buffy coat cells from heparinised blood samples, or suspensions of lymphoma cells or spleen cells. When these samples are collected in the field, it is suggested that they be transported to the laboratory under chilled conditions. As MDV is highly cell associated, it is essential that these cell suspensions contain viable cells. The cell suspensions are inoculated into monolayer cultures of chicken kidney cells or duck embryo fibroblasts (chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) are less sensitive for primary virus isolation). Serotype 2 and 3 viruses (see Section C.1.a) are more easily isolated in CEF than in chicken kidney cells. Usually a 0.2 ml suspension containing from 106 to 107 live cells is inoculated into duplicate monolayers grown in plastic cell culture dishes (60 mm in diameter). Inoculated and uninoculated control cultures are incubated at 38.5°C in a humid incubator containing 5% CO2. Alternatively, closed culture vessels may be used. Culture medium is replaced at 2-day intervals. Areas of cytopathic effects, termed plaques, appear within 3–5 days and can be enumerated at about 7–10 days.
a. Virus isolation:
Infection by MDV in a flock may be detected by isolating the virus from the tissues of infected chickens. However, the ubiquitous nature of MDV must be taken into consideration and the diagnosis of MD should be based on a combination of MDV isolation or detection of the genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clinical disease. Commonly used sources are buffy coat cells from heparinised blood samples, or suspensions of lymphoma cells or spleen cells. When these samples are collected in the field, it is suggested that they be transported to the laboratory under chilled conditions. As MDV is highly cell associated, it is essential that these cell suspensions contain viable cells. The cell suspensions are inoculated into monolayer cultures of chicken kidney cells or duck embryo fibroblasts (chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) are less sensitive for primary virus isolation). Serotype 2 and 3 viruses (see Section C.1.a) are more easily isolated in CEF than in chicken kidney cells. Usually a 0.2 ml suspension containing from 106 to 107 live cells is inoculated into duplicate monolayers grown in plastic cell culture dishes (60 mm in diameter). Inoculated and uninoculated control cultures are incubated at 38.5°C in a humid incubator containing 5% CO2. Alternatively, closed culture vessels may be used. Culture medium is replaced at 2-day intervals. Areas of cytopathic effects, termed plaques, appear within 3–5 days and can be enumerated at about 7–10 days.
Another, less commonly used source of MDV for
diagnostic purposes is feather tips, from which cell-free MDV can be extracted.
Tips about 5 mm long, or minced tracts of skin containing feather tips, are
suspended in an SPGA/EDTA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate and albumin/ethylenediamine
tetra-acetic acid) buffer for extraction and titration of cell-free MDV (Calnek
et al., 1970). The buffer is made as follows: 0.2180 M sucrose (7.462 g);
0.0038 M monopotassium phosphate (0.052 g); 0.0072 M dipotassium phosphate
(0.125 g); 0.0049 M L-monosodium glutamate (0.083 g); 1.0% bovine albumin
powder (1.000 g); 0.2% EDTA (0.200 g); and distilled water (100 ml). The buffer
is sterilised by filtration and should be at approximately pH 6.5.
This suspension is sonicated and then filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter for inoculation on to 24- hour-old drained chicken kidney cell monolayers. After absorption for 40 minutes, the medium is added, and cultures are incubated as above for 7–10 days.
Using these methods, MDV of serotypes 1 and 2 may be isolated, together with the HVT (serotype 3), if it is present as a result of vaccination. With experience, plaques caused by the different virus serotypes can be differentiated fairly accurately on the basis of time of appearance, rate of development, and plaque morphology. HVT plaques appear earlier and are larger than serotype 1 plaques, whereas serotype 2 plaques appear later and are smaller than serotype 1 plaques.
MDV and HVT plaques may be identified as such using specific antibodies raised in chickens. Monoclonal antibodies may be used to differentiate serotypes.
b. Antigen detection:
A variation of the AGID test used for serology (see below) may be used to detect MDV antigen in feather tips as an indication of infection by MDV. Glass slides are prepared with a coating of 0.7% agarose (e.g. A37) in 8% sodium chloride, containing MDV antiserum. Tips of small feathers are taken from the birds to be examined and are inserted vertically into the agar, and the slides are maintained as described below. The development of radial zones of precipitation around the feather tips denotes the presence in the feather of MDV antigen and hence of infection in the bird.
c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
Genomes of all three serotypes have been completely sequenced (Afonso et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2000). PCR tests have been developed for the diagnosis MD. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify MDV genome copies has also been described (Abdul-Careem et al., 2006; Baigent et al., 2005; Islam et al., 2004). In addition, PCR tests that enable differentiation of oncogenic and non-oncogenic strains of serotype 1 MDV, and of MDV vaccine strains of serotypes 2 and 3 (Becker et al., 1992; Bumstead et al., 1997; Handberg et al., 2001; Silva, 1992; Zhu et al., 1992) have been described. PCR may also be used to quantitate virus load in tissues (Baigent et al., 2005; Bumstead et al., 1997; Burgess & Davison, 1999; Reddy et al., 2000) or differentially detect MDV and HVT in the blood or feather tips (Baigent et al., 2005; Davidson & Borenshtain, 2002). (oie).
Serological Tests:
This suspension is sonicated and then filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter for inoculation on to 24- hour-old drained chicken kidney cell monolayers. After absorption for 40 minutes, the medium is added, and cultures are incubated as above for 7–10 days.
Using these methods, MDV of serotypes 1 and 2 may be isolated, together with the HVT (serotype 3), if it is present as a result of vaccination. With experience, plaques caused by the different virus serotypes can be differentiated fairly accurately on the basis of time of appearance, rate of development, and plaque morphology. HVT plaques appear earlier and are larger than serotype 1 plaques, whereas serotype 2 plaques appear later and are smaller than serotype 1 plaques.
MDV and HVT plaques may be identified as such using specific antibodies raised in chickens. Monoclonal antibodies may be used to differentiate serotypes.
b. Antigen detection:
A variation of the AGID test used for serology (see below) may be used to detect MDV antigen in feather tips as an indication of infection by MDV. Glass slides are prepared with a coating of 0.7% agarose (e.g. A37) in 8% sodium chloride, containing MDV antiserum. Tips of small feathers are taken from the birds to be examined and are inserted vertically into the agar, and the slides are maintained as described below. The development of radial zones of precipitation around the feather tips denotes the presence in the feather of MDV antigen and hence of infection in the bird.
c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
Genomes of all three serotypes have been completely sequenced (Afonso et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2000). PCR tests have been developed for the diagnosis MD. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify MDV genome copies has also been described (Abdul-Careem et al., 2006; Baigent et al., 2005; Islam et al., 2004). In addition, PCR tests that enable differentiation of oncogenic and non-oncogenic strains of serotype 1 MDV, and of MDV vaccine strains of serotypes 2 and 3 (Becker et al., 1992; Bumstead et al., 1997; Handberg et al., 2001; Silva, 1992; Zhu et al., 1992) have been described. PCR may also be used to quantitate virus load in tissues (Baigent et al., 2005; Bumstead et al., 1997; Burgess & Davison, 1999; Reddy et al., 2000) or differentially detect MDV and HVT in the blood or feather tips (Baigent et al., 2005; Davidson & Borenshtain, 2002). (oie).
Serological Tests:
The presence of antibodies to MDV in non-vaccinated
chickens from about 4 weeks of age is an indication of infection. Before that
age, such antibodies may represent maternal transmission of antibody via the
yolk and are not evidence of active infection.
a. Agar gel immunodiffusion:
a. Agar gel immunodiffusion:
There is no prescribed test for trade, but the agar
gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test is employed most commonly to detect antibody.
The test is conducted using glass slides coated with 1% agar in phosphate
buffered saline containing 8% sodium chloride. Adjacent wells are filled with
antigen or serum and these are incubated in a humid atmosphere at 37°C for 24
hours for diffusion to take place; positive sera show reactions of identity
with known positive serum and antigen. The antigen used in this test is either
disrupted MDV-infected tissue culture cells or an extract of feather tips, or
skin containing feather tracts obtained from MDV-infected chickens. The cell
culture antigen is prepared by propagating MDV in chicken kidney cells or
chicken embryo fibroblast cells. When cytopathic effect is confluent, the cells
are detached from the culture vessel and suspended in culture medium or phosphate
buffered saline without tryptose phosphate broth (presence of tryptose
phosphate broth may produce non-specific precipitin lines) at a concentration
of about 1 × 107 cells/ml. This suspension is then freeze–thawed three times
and used as antigen.
Test procedure:
i) Make a 1% solution of Difco Bactoagar in 8% sodium chloride by standing the mixture in a boiling water bath.
ii) Either a microscope slide or a Petri dish can be used and the agar is poured to a thickness of 2–3 mm.
iii) Cut holes in the agar using a template with a centre well and 6 wells spaced at equal distance around the centre well. The diameter of wells should be approximately 5.3 mm, and the wells should be about 2.4 mm apart. A template with cutters is commercially available.
iv) The antigen is placed in the centre well and the standard antiserum is placed in alternate exterior wells. Serum samples to be tested are placed in the remaining three wells so that .a continuous line of identity is formed between an unknown sample that is positive and the known positive control sera.
v) Incubate the slide for 24 hours at 37°C in a humid container and read the results over a lamp in a darkened room.
b. Other tests:
Other tests for MDV antibody include the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody test. These demonstrate the ability of a test serum to stain MDV plaques in cell cultures (Silva et al., 1997; Spencer & Calnek, 1970). These tests are group specific and more sensitive than the AGID test. A virus neutralisation test for the ability of a serum to neutralise the plaque-forming property of cell-free MDV can also be employed. However, this test is more suitable for research purposes than for routine diagnostic use. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting MDV antibodies are available (Cheng et al., 1984; Sharma, 1998; Zelnik et al., 2004). To prepare antigen for the ELISA, wells of a 96-well microtitre plate are coated with MDV-infected cells. (oie).
Test procedure:
i) Make a 1% solution of Difco Bactoagar in 8% sodium chloride by standing the mixture in a boiling water bath.
ii) Either a microscope slide or a Petri dish can be used and the agar is poured to a thickness of 2–3 mm.
iii) Cut holes in the agar using a template with a centre well and 6 wells spaced at equal distance around the centre well. The diameter of wells should be approximately 5.3 mm, and the wells should be about 2.4 mm apart. A template with cutters is commercially available.
iv) The antigen is placed in the centre well and the standard antiserum is placed in alternate exterior wells. Serum samples to be tested are placed in the remaining three wells so that .a continuous line of identity is formed between an unknown sample that is positive and the known positive control sera.
v) Incubate the slide for 24 hours at 37°C in a humid container and read the results over a lamp in a darkened room.
b. Other tests:
Other tests for MDV antibody include the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody test. These demonstrate the ability of a test serum to stain MDV plaques in cell cultures (Silva et al., 1997; Spencer & Calnek, 1970). These tests are group specific and more sensitive than the AGID test. A virus neutralisation test for the ability of a serum to neutralise the plaque-forming property of cell-free MDV can also be employed. However, this test is more suitable for research purposes than for routine diagnostic use. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting MDV antibodies are available (Cheng et al., 1984; Sharma, 1998; Zelnik et al., 2004). To prepare antigen for the ELISA, wells of a 96-well microtitre plate are coated with MDV-infected cells. (oie).
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Sanitary Prophylaxis
Genetic selection: MD resistant chicks are obtained.
The first step to managing this disease is to identify whether the virus is present in your family of birds as some families are resistant to the disease - as the best way to prevent Marek's Disease is to develop a family of birds that is naturally resistant against the virus. Acquire families of birds and use sires that are resistant to MD, because there is strong level of heritability for genetic resistance against MD. Alternatively, following an outbreak use strong male survivors as these birds have shown a resistance to MD. Developing a family of birds that is genetically resistant to Mareks Disease is by far the best way to cure the disease – but remember stress management measures are also a must!
Stress factors especially social stress is known to precipitate Mareks Disease – Social stress is any form of anxiety produced by overcrowding, poor sanitation, improper housing, other illnesses like worms, coccidiosis, lice and mites - or mixing older birds with young birds - that prevent the young birds from resting eating or drinking – basically preventing them for being happy. Stress management is the best way to control Mareks Diseasein flocks that have previously experience Mareks diseases from time to time.
FAPP (filtered air positive pressure) ventilation:
Biological filters to keep out airborne viruses are used.
Vaccination alone will not prevent Marek's disease.
Particularly for commercial flocks, it is important to have good biosecurity to
ensure that vaccinated chicks will develop immunity before they are subjected
to a severe challenge of virus. For example, chicks need to be reared
separately so that they are free from the infected fluff and dust of older
birds. Standard hygiene measures are also important, including a thorough
clean-out and disinfection of sheds and equipment between batches of chicks
with a disinfectant effective against viruses. Good nutrition and maintenance
of freedom from other diseases and parasites are also very important. These
practices will help maintain the flock’s health and to ensure that the birds
have optimum resistance against Marek’s disease infection.
The breeding of genetically resistant strains of chickens, combined with the use of vaccination and good hygiene, can also be used to help control Marek’s disease.
For flocks with a serious Marek’s disease problem, the only solution is to depopulate, clean and disinfect all sheds and equipment, and spell for several months. Vaccinated chicks from a reputable hatchery would then need to be sought as replacements.
Medical Prophylaxis
There is no treatment for Marek’s disease. Diseased birds should be promptly removed from the flock and humanely destroyed. Other birds in the flock are likely to be infected at this stage also, so close monitoring of all birds is important.
Vaccination is the central strategy for the prevention and control of Marek's disease. The efficacy of vaccines can be improved, however, by strict sanitation to reduce or delay exposure and by breeding for genetic resistance. Probably the most widely used vaccine consists of turkey herpesvirus (HVT), which has seen rapidly increased use in recent years as a backbone in recombinant vaccines featuring the insertion of genes from other poultry viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus (see Newcastle Disease and Other Paramyxovirus Infections), infectious bursal disease virus (see Infectious Bursal Disease), or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (see Infectious Laryngotracheitis). These recombinant vaccines offer protection against both Marek's disease virus and the inserted virus. Bivalent vaccines consisting of HVT and either the SB-1 or 301B/1 strains of Gallid herpesvirus 3 have been used to provide additional protection against challenge with virulentMarek's disease virus isolates. The most protective commercial vaccine currently available appears to be CVI988/Rispens, an attenuated Marek's disease virus strain that is also commonly mixed with HVT at vaccination. Because vaccines are administered at hatching and require 1–2 wk to produce an effective immunity, exposure of chickens to virus should be minimized during the first few days after hatching.
Vaccines are also effective when administered to embryos at the 18th day of incubation. In ovo vaccination is now performed by automated technology and is widely used for vaccination of commercial broiler chickens, mainly because of reduced labor costs and greater precision of vaccine administration.
Proper handling of vaccine during thawing and reconstitution is crucial to ensure that adequate doses are administered. Cell-associated vaccines are generally more effective than cell-free vaccines, because they are neutralized less by maternal antibodies. Under typical conditions, vaccine efficacy is usually >90%. Since the advent of vaccination, losses from Marek's disease have been reduced dramatically in broiler and layer flocks. However, disease may become a serious problem in individual flocks or in selected geographic areas (eg, the Delmarva broiler industry). Of the many causes proposed for these excessive losses, early exposure to very virulent virus strains appears to be among the most important.
The breeding of genetically resistant strains of chickens, combined with the use of vaccination and good hygiene, can also be used to help control Marek’s disease.
For flocks with a serious Marek’s disease problem, the only solution is to depopulate, clean and disinfect all sheds and equipment, and spell for several months. Vaccinated chicks from a reputable hatchery would then need to be sought as replacements.
Medical Prophylaxis
There is no treatment for Marek’s disease. Diseased birds should be promptly removed from the flock and humanely destroyed. Other birds in the flock are likely to be infected at this stage also, so close monitoring of all birds is important.
Vaccination is the central strategy for the prevention and control of Marek's disease. The efficacy of vaccines can be improved, however, by strict sanitation to reduce or delay exposure and by breeding for genetic resistance. Probably the most widely used vaccine consists of turkey herpesvirus (HVT), which has seen rapidly increased use in recent years as a backbone in recombinant vaccines featuring the insertion of genes from other poultry viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus (see Newcastle Disease and Other Paramyxovirus Infections), infectious bursal disease virus (see Infectious Bursal Disease), or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (see Infectious Laryngotracheitis). These recombinant vaccines offer protection against both Marek's disease virus and the inserted virus. Bivalent vaccines consisting of HVT and either the SB-1 or 301B/1 strains of Gallid herpesvirus 3 have been used to provide additional protection against challenge with virulentMarek's disease virus isolates. The most protective commercial vaccine currently available appears to be CVI988/Rispens, an attenuated Marek's disease virus strain that is also commonly mixed with HVT at vaccination. Because vaccines are administered at hatching and require 1–2 wk to produce an effective immunity, exposure of chickens to virus should be minimized during the first few days after hatching.
Vaccines are also effective when administered to embryos at the 18th day of incubation. In ovo vaccination is now performed by automated technology and is widely used for vaccination of commercial broiler chickens, mainly because of reduced labor costs and greater precision of vaccine administration.
Proper handling of vaccine during thawing and reconstitution is crucial to ensure that adequate doses are administered. Cell-associated vaccines are generally more effective than cell-free vaccines, because they are neutralized less by maternal antibodies. Under typical conditions, vaccine efficacy is usually >90%. Since the advent of vaccination, losses from Marek's disease have been reduced dramatically in broiler and layer flocks. However, disease may become a serious problem in individual flocks or in selected geographic areas (eg, the Delmarva broiler industry). Of the many causes proposed for these excessive losses, early exposure to very virulent virus strains appears to be among the most important.
*** By: Giyono Trisnadi, DVM - from many references
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